Impacts of Coastal Cities' Physical Geography on Traffic Related Congestion and Pollution

Location and geographic features of Boston. The outer red circle defines the radius of the study area, 25 km. The inner red circle captures points at 5 km or less from the city’s commercial center. Maps of the distribution of the 147 study points (defined in Appendix. Spatial partition strategy and Appendix Figure A1) and barriers in the whole Boston are displayed. The frequency distributions of the geographic barriers are shown in the Appendix. Table A3. The commuting patterns between all study-point dyads are analyzed, effectively covering the whole metro area with—by design—better coverage of trips closer to the city center.